Reference Electrodes

Submersible Reference Electrodes Revisited, October 2007

Th is article examines the status of submersible reference electrodes and presents a new design concept for submersible copper/copper sulfate (Cu/CuSO4) electrodes (CSE). In the new concept, the half-cell potential is independent of the salinity (chlorinity) of the electrolyte, the electrode is not subject to contamination, and structure-to-electrolyte voltages do not require correction to the ...

Microfabricated Reference Electrodes and their Biosensing Applications

Over the past two decades, there has been an increasing trend towards miniaturization of both biological and chemical sensors and their integration with miniaturized sample pre-processing and analysis systems. These miniaturized lab-on-chip devices have several functional advantages including low cost, their ability to analyze smaller samples, faster analysis time, suitability for automation, a...

Reliable reference electrodes for lithium-ion batteries

Practical Problems in Voltammetry 3: Reference Electrodes for Voltammetry

the reactions of interest occur at the surface of the working electrode. Therefore, we are interested in controlling the potential drop across the interface between the surface of the working electrode and the solution (i.e., the interfacial potential). However, it is impossible to control or measure this interfacial potential without placing another electrode in the solution. Thus, two interfa...

Electrochemical Sensors with Screen Printed Ag|AgCl|KCl Reference Electrodes

This paper presents the printed thick film Ag|AgCl|KCl reference electrodes for electrochemical or biosensors application and their electrochemical and analytical performance. The reference electrode exhibits a stable potential against standard glass reference electrode with a potential difference of 5 mV in the deionized water. The anodic and cathodic peak current of the electrode increase wit...